%PDF-1.6
%
1 0 obj
<>
endobj
2 0 obj
<>stream
Tzu-Hsiang Lin, Hsin-Tai Hu, Hsueh-Chun Wang, Meng-Chian Wu, Shu-Wei Wu, Ming-Long Yeh
Evaluation of osseous integration of titanium orthopedic screws with novel SLA treatment in porcine model
www.plosone.org
www.plosone.org
endstream
endobj
3 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 11 0 R/Annots 12 0 R/Contents 13 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
12 0 obj
[14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R]
endobj
14 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref001)>>
endobj
15 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref002)>>
endobj
16 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref003)>>
endobj
17 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref004)>>
endobj
18 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref005)>>
endobj
19 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref006)>>
endobj
20 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref007)>>
endobj
21 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref008)>>
endobj
22 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref006)>>
endobj
23 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref009)>>
endobj
24 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref010)>>
endobj
25 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref011)>>
endobj
26 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref011)>>
endobj
27 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref012)>>
endobj
28 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref013)>>
endobj
29 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref014)>>
endobj
30 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref015)>>
endobj
31 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref016)>>
endobj
32 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref017)>>
endobj
33 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref018)>>
endobj
34 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/A 35 0 R>>
endobj
35 0 obj
<>
endobj
13 0 obj
[36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R]
endobj
36 0 obj
<>stream
q
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
517.7197 674.9858 m
522.4819 674.9858 l
h
f*
407.8488 649.0205 m
412.611 649.0205 l
h
f*
417.0331 649.0205 m
421.7953 649.0205 l
h
f*
234.7087 544.989 m
239.5843 544.989 l
h
f*
244.1197 544.989 m
248.9386 544.989 l
h
f*
496.9134 532.0063 m
501.789 532.0063 l
h
f*
267.4205 519.0236 m
272.2394 519.0236 l
h
f*
426.5008 453.9969 m
431.263 453.9969 l
h
f*
519.0803 402.0094 m
523.8425 402.0094 l
h
f*
528.2646 402.0094 m
533.0268 402.0094 l
h
f*
503.263 375.9874 m
512.7874 375.9874 l
h
f*
517.2094 375.9874 m
526.7339 375.9874 l
h
f*
280.0063 363.0047 m
289.5307 363.0047 l
h
f*
293.9528 363.0047 m
303.4772 363.0047 l
h
f*
252.5102 350.022 m
262.0346 350.022 l
h
f*
447.9874 297.978 m
457.4551 297.978 l
h
f*
234.4252 259.0299 m
243.9496 259.0299 l
h
f*
438.463 245.9906 m
447.9874 245.9906 l
h
f*
355.1811 233.0079 m
364.7055 233.0079 l
h
f*
425.1402 220.0252 m
434.6646 220.0252 l
h
f*
0 g
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 706.0535 cm
BT
/F2 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Introduction)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 689.1023 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Osteoporosis)Tj
5.4481 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6577 0 Td
(common)Tj
3.8437 0 Td
(disease)Tj
3.0161 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(elderly.)Tj
3.1407 0 Td
(With)Tj
2.2791 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(aging)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(global)Tj
2.6248 0 Td
(population,)Tj
4.8189 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(propor-)Tj
-34.2479 -1.3039 Td
(tion)Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(patients)Tj
3.3675 0 Td
(undergoing)Tj
4.8699 0 Td
(spinal)Tj
2.5965 0 Td
(surgery)Tj
3.1918 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(osteoporotic)Tj
5.21 0 Td
(bone)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(will)Tj
1.6667 0 Td
(increase)Tj
3.4696 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(1)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.6044 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(preva-)Tj
-34.8148 -1.2982 Td
(lence)Tj
2.2847 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(osteoporosis)Tj
5.21 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(US)Tj
1.4343 0 Td
(adults)Tj
2.6136 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(reported)Tj
3.6566 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(range)Tj
2.4605 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(5%)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(to10%)Tj
2.7383 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(women)Tj
-34.2933 -1.2983 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(2%)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(4%)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(men)Tj
2.0126 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(those)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(50)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
(years)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(old)Tj
1.4967 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(over)Tj
1.9786 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(2)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.2586 0 Td
(3)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.2642 0 Td
(This)Tj
1.9842 0 Td
(presents)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(serious)Tj
3.0387 0 Td
(challenge)Tj
3.9571 0 Td
(for)Tj
-36.1244 -1.3039 Td
(spinal)Tj
2.5908 0 Td
(surgeons)Tj
3.7871 0 Td
(clinically.)Tj
0.005 Tc
-5.1817 -1.2983 Td
(Pedicle)Tj
3.1577 0 Td
(screw)Tj
2.5285 0 Td
(systems)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.092 0 Td
(become)Tj
3.3788 0 Td
(increasingly)Tj
5.142 0 Td
(common)Tj
3.8948 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.4173 0 Td
(reconstruction,)Tj
6.4573 0 Td
(fixation,)Tj
-32.6265 -1.2982 Td
(and)Tj
1.7574 0 Td
(stabilization)Tj
5.1817 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0545 0 Td
(spinal)Tj
2.6475 0 Td
(disorder)Tj
3.651 0 Td
(surgeries.)Tj
4.1046 0 Td
(However,)Tj
4.1499 0 Td
(complications,)Tj
6.1908 0 Td
(including)Tj
4.1216 0 Td
(screw)Tj
2.5284 0 Td
(loos-)Tj
-35.3874 -1.304 Td
(ening,)Tj
2.7495 0 Td
(occur)Tj
2.5172 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0545 0 Td
(some)Tj
2.3697 0 Td
(cases,)Tj
2.5002 0 Td
(especially)Tj
4.1045 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0545 0 Td
(patients)Tj
3.4412 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0353 0 Td
(osteoporosis.)Tj
5.5502 0 Td
(With)Tj
2.313 0 Td
(poor)Tj
2.16 0 Td
(bone)Tj
2.2394 0 Td
(mineral)Tj
-34.0892 -1.2982 Td
(density)Tj
3.1634 0 Td
(\(BMD\),)Tj
3.3902 0 Td
(inferior)Tj
3.3335 0 Td
(bone)Tj
2.2394 0 Td
(rigidity)Tj
3.2145 0 Td
(decreases)Tj
4.0478 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4967 0 Td
(pull-out)Tj
3.5149 0 Td
(strength)Tj
3.583 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(pedicle)Tj
3.1124 0 Td
(screws)Tj
2.897 0 Td
(in)Tj
-35.0246 -1.2983 Td
(osteoporotic)Tj
5.312 0 Td
(bone,)Tj
2.4775 0 Td
(eventually)Tj
4.371 0 Td
(leading)Tj
3.1918 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0431 0 Td
(screw)Tj
2.5285 0 Td
(loosening.)Tj
4.4107 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1282 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6633 0 Td
(cortical)Tj
3.2598 0 Td
(screw)Tj
2.5285 0 Td
(system,)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(screw)Tj
-34.1402 -1.2983 Td
(loosening)Tj
4.1725 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7575 0 Td
(subsequent)Tj
4.7962 0 Td
(implant)Tj
3.4129 0 Td
(failure)Tj
2.8403 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4796 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4911 0 Td
(most)Tj
2.245 0 Td
(frequently)Tj
4.3993 0 Td
(observed)Tj
3.8665 0 Td
(surgical)Tj
3.3902 0 Td
(compli-)Tj
-33.8511 -1.3039 Td
(cations)Tj
3.1237 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(4)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.2869 0 Td
(5)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.287 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.8084 0 Td
(stability)Tj
3.4356 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6633 0 Td
(fixation)Tj
3.3676 0 Td
(mainly)Tj
3.0443 0 Td
(depends)Tj
3.6114 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2926 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4966 0 Td
(anchorage)Tj
4.4391 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4967 0 Td
(screw)Tj
2.5284 0 Td
(in)Tj
-34.9452 -1.2982 Td
(the)Tj
1.4966 0 Td
(bone.)Tj
2.4775 0 Td
(Several)Tj
3.1068 0 Td
(approaches)Tj
4.8302 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0919 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.16 0 Td
(proposed,)Tj
4.2576 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.0976 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(locking)Tj
3.2372 0 Td
(plates)Tj
2.5568 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(6)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.4003 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7575 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4967 0 Td
(cortical)Tj
-33.9985 -1.2983 Td
(bone)Tj
2.2393 0 Td
(trajectory)Tj
4.1499 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(7)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.4003 0 Td
(technique,)Tj
4.4844 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0431 0 Td
(provide)Tj
3.3506 0 Td
(considerable)Tj
5.3687 0 Td
(fixation)Tj
3.3676 0 Td
(strength)Tj
3.583 0 Td
(via)Tj
1.4059 0 Td
(fixed-angle)Tj
4.7565 0 Td
(stabi-)Tj
-35.1493 -1.3039 Td
(lization)Tj
3.2711 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.1169 0 Td
(achieve)Tj
3.2371 0 Td
(stronger)Tj
3.6397 0 Td
(fixation)Tj
3.3675 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1962 0 Td
(increasing)Tj
4.422 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4967 0 Td
(cortical)Tj
3.2598 0 Td
(bone)Tj
2.2451 0 Td
(purchase)Tj
3.8777 0 Td
(within)Tj
2.863 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4967 0 Td
(ver-)Tj
-35.4895 -1.2983 Td
(tebra,)Tj
2.5341 0 Td
(respectively.)Tj
-0.004 Tc
-1.3379 -1.2982 Td
(An)Tj
1.457 0 Td
(approach)Tj
3.9514 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(achieve)Tj
3.1691 0 Td
(faster)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(stable)Tj
2.4945 0 Td
(bone)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(integration)Tj
4.6488 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(implant)Tj
3.3506 0 Td
(surface)Tj
3.05 0 Td
(treat-)Tj
-33.8624 -1.304 Td
(ment.)Tj
2.5341 0 Td
(Common)Tj
4.0875 0 Td
(surface)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(modifications)Tj
5.7373 0 Td
(include)Tj
3.1861 0 Td
(machining,)Tj
4.7452 0 Td
(grit)Tj
1.6214 0 Td
(blasting,)Tj
3.5716 0 Td
(acid)Tj
1.8766 0 Td
(etching,)Tj
3.3959 0 Td
(alkaline)Tj
-33.8001 -1.2982 Td
(attack,)Tj
2.8289 0 Td
(electrochemical)Tj
6.48 0 Td
(methods,)Tj
3.9061 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(deposition)Tj
4.4447 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(ions)Tj
1.8992 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(8)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.6044 0 Td
(Previous)Tj
3.6907 0 Td
(studies)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(demon-)Tj
-32.6492 -1.2983 Td
(strated)Tj
2.931 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(surfaces)Tj
3.4072 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(micrometer-scale)Tj
7.1829 0 Td
(roughness)Tj
4.3143 0 Td
(enhance)Tj
3.549 0 Td
(bone)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(integration)Tj
4.6488 0 Td
(compared)Tj
4.2406 0 Td
(to)Tj
-36.2605 -1.2983 Td
(that)Tj
1.7744 0 Td
(obtained)Tj
3.7361 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(smooth)Tj
3.2429 0 Td
(surfaces.)Tj
3.634 0 Td
(An)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(vitro)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(study)Tj
2.3867 0 Td
(found)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2018 0 Td
(increase)Tj
3.4696 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(micrometer-)Tj
-31.487 -1.3039 Td
(scale)Tj
2.1089 0 Td
(surface)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(roughness)Tj
4.3143 0 Td
(increased)Tj
4.0025 0 Td
(osteoblast)Tj
4.1612 0 Td
(differentiation)Tj
5.9811 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(extracellular)Tj
5.1307 0 Td
(matrix)Tj
2.8743 0 Td
(produc-)Tj
-33.3465 -1.2982 Td
(tion,)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.9275 0 Td
(give)Tj
1.8312 0 Td
(rise)Tj
1.6441 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0204 0 Td
(better)Tj
2.5455 0 Td
(bone)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(formation)Tj
4.2576 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(osteointegration)Tj
6.7407 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(vivo)Tj
1.9049 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(6)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.2585 0 Td
(9)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.2643 0 Td
(Large-)Tj
-34.0892 -1.2983 Td
(grit)Tj
1.6157 0 Td
(sand)Tj
2.0863 0 Td
(blasting)Tj
3.3448 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7235 0 Td
(acid)Tj
1.8708 0 Td
(etching)Tj
3.1692 0 Td
(\(SLA\))Tj
2.5965 0 Td
(surface)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(treatment)Tj
4.1272 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(applied)Tj
3.1465 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0204 0 Td
(dental)Tj
2.6929 0 Td
(implants)Tj
-34.1005 -1.3039 Td
(for)Tj
1.3832 0 Td
(several)Tj
2.9367 0 Td
(years)Tj
2.2621 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(found)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(higher)Tj
2.8063 0 Td
(removal)Tj
3.4753 0 Td
(torque)Tj
2.8516 0 Td
(value)Tj
2.3074 0 Td
(\(RTV\))Tj
2.8289 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(10)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(11)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.5137 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(bone-)Tj
-34.9622 -1.2983 Td
(to-implant)Tj
4.507 0 Td
(contact)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(11)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(12)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.5137 0 Td
(compared)Tj
4.2406 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(no)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(surface)Tj
3.0501 0 Td
(treatment)Tj
4.1385 0 Td
(group)Tj
2.6079 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(animal)Tj
2.9707 0 Td
(study)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(a)Tj
-36.5723 -1.2983 Td
(clinical)Tj
3.0727 0 Td
(trial)Tj
1.8368 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(13)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(Pedicle)Tj
3.0898 0 Td
(screw)Tj
2.4831 0 Td
(systems)Tj
3.2995 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(clinical)Tj
3.0727 0 Td
(application)Tj
4.6828 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.576 0 Td
(yet)Tj
1.3947 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(treated)Tj
2.999 0 Td
(with)Tj
-34.8035 -1.3039 Td
(SLA.)Tj
1.1962 -1.2982 Td
(We)Tj
1.61 0 Td
(previously)Tj
4.354 0 Td
(applied)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(novel)Tj
2.4038 0 Td
(surface)Tj
3.0443 0 Td
(modification)Tj
5.3745 0 Td
(called)Tj
2.5228 0 Td
(SLAffinity)Tj
4.3313 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(dental)Tj
2.6985 0 Td
(implants.)Tj
-32.3657 -1.2983 Td
(With)Tj
2.279 0 Td
(grit-blasted)Tj
4.7678 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(acid-etched)Tj
4.8472 0 Td
(treated)Tj
2.999 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(electrochemical)Tj
6.48 0 Td
(functionalization,)Tj
7.268 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(SLAffinity-Ti)Tj
-32.207 -1.3039 Td
(surface)Tj
3.05 0 Td
(had)Tj
1.7065 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(500-nm)Tj
3.3676 0 Td
(oxide)Tj
2.4094 0 Td
(layer)Tj
2.1486 0 Td
(deep)Tj
2.1147 0 Td
(inside)Tj
2.6135 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(Ti)Tj
1.0942 0 Td
(structure)Tj
3.8267 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(14)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(This)Tj
1.9842 0 Td
(structure)Tj
3.8268 0 Td
(showed)Tj
3.2484 0 Td
(high)Tj
-35.5915 -1.2983 Td
(biocompatibility)Tj
6.8087 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(wettability,)Tj
4.6205 0 Td
(allowing)Tj
3.6226 0 Td
(ready)Tj
2.4322 0 Td
(adhesion)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(blood.)Tj
2.7383 0 Td
(Growth)Tj
3.3221 0 Td
(factors)Tj
2.9027 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(as)Tj
-35.0813 -1.2982 Td
(PRP)Tj
1.9558 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0999 0 Td
(its)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(recombinant)Tj
5.3688 0 Td
(growth)Tj
3.0727 0 Td
(factor)Tj
2.5455 0 Td
(increase)Tj
3.4696 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(bone)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(maturation)Tj
4.7225 0 Td
(rate)Tj
1.7461 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(improve)Tj
3.5773 0 Td
(bone)Tj
-34.1175 -1.2983 Td
(density)Tj
3.101 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(15)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(Microscale)Tj
4.5694 0 Td
(roughness)Tj
4.3143 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(combination)Tj
5.3461 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(nanoscale)Tj
4.1442 0 Td
(structures)Tj
4.1839 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(bioactive)Tj
-32.5018 -1.3039 Td
(properties)Tj
4.2746 0 Td
(improves)Tj
3.9458 0 Td
(osteoblast)Tj
4.1612 0 Td
(viability)Tj
3.4129 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(differentiation)Tj
5.9754 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(16)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0749 0 Td
(Osseointegration)Tj
7.0526 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(evident)Tj
-34.3273 -1.2983 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(early)Tj
2.1486 0 Td
(stages)Tj
2.5625 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(bone)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(healing)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(pig)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(17)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(SLAffinity-treated)Tj
7.4607 0 Td
(dental)Tj
2.6929 0 Td
(implants)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(been)Tj
-33.1821 -1.2983 Td
(shown)Tj
2.8459 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(clinically)Tj
3.7757 0 Td
(successful)Tj
4.1669 0 Td
(over)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(4-month)Tj
3.7531 0 Td
(period)Tj
2.8289 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(18)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
0.005 Tc
-20.9762 -1.3039 Td
(In)Tj
1.1281 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.7122 0 Td
(study,)Tj
2.6702 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3436 0 Td
(test)Tj
1.6384 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4967 0 Td
(hypothesis)Tj
4.5524 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.8142 0 Td
(SLAffinity)Tj
4.422 0 Td
(treatment)Tj
4.2179 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2926 0 Td
(Ti)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 483.8173 206.4188 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
0.0067 Tc
0 0 Td
(6)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 487.4456 208.0629 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Al)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 496.9133 206.4188 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
0.0067 Tc
0 0 Td
(4)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 500.5984 208.0629 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(V)Tj
0.924 0 Td
(alloy)Tj
2.1487 0 Td
(pedicle)Tj
-33.131 -1.2982 Td
(screws)Tj
2.8969 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7575 0 Td
(cortical)Tj
3.2598 0 Td
(screws)Tj
2.9027 0 Td
(enhances)Tj
3.9798 0 Td
(osteointegration)Tj
6.8882 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7574 0 Td
(fixation)Tj
3.3676 0 Td
(strength)Tj
3.5885 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9694 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4967 0 Td
(bone-)Tj
-32.8645 -1.2983 Td
(implant)Tj
3.4128 0 Td
(interface)Tj
3.7814 0 Td
(compared)Tj
4.3143 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(those)Tj
2.3868 0 Td
(obtained)Tj
3.8041 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.4116 0 Td
(sand-blasted-only)Tj
7.5004 0 Td
(Ti)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 495.3826 180.3968 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
0.0067 Tc
0 0 Td
(6)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 499.011 182.0976 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Al)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 508.5354 180.3968 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
0.0067 Tc
0 0 Td
(4)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 512.1637 182.0976 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(V)Tj
0.924 0 Td
(surfaces)Tj
3.481 0 Td
(and)Tj
-35.6199 -1.3039 Td
(commercial)Tj
5.0457 0 Td
(smooth)Tj
3.2938 0 Td
(screws)Tj
2.897 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0545 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6633 0 Td
(porcine)Tj
3.3392 0 Td
(model.)Tj
3.0217 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.8141 0 Td
(pull-out)Tj
3.5093 0 Td
(strength)Tj
3.5887 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(pedicle)Tj
3.1123 0 Td
(screws)Tj
2.897 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0544 0 Td
(a)Tj
-36.3228 -1.2982 Td
(porcine)Tj
3.3392 0 Td
(spine)Tj
2.3811 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7575 0 Td
(removal)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(torque)Tj
2.9083 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1543 0 Td
(measured)Tj
4.1839 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0432 0 Td
(evaluate)Tj
3.5319 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4967 0 Td
(mechanical)Tj
4.8585 0 Td
(integration)Tj
4.7451 0 Td
(of)Tj
-35.943 -1.2983 Td
(the)Tj
1.4967 0 Td
(three)Tj
2.3074 0 Td
(types)Tj
2.3187 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(screw)Tj
2.5285 0 Td
(surface.)Tj
3.3505 0 Td
(Micro-computed)Tj
7.2 0 Td
(tomography)Tj
5.21 0 Td
(\(micro-CT\))Tj
5.006 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7574 0 Td
(histological)Tj
-32.207 -1.3039 Td
(methods)Tj
3.7474 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.16 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0919 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0432 0 Td
(observe)Tj
3.3335 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4967 0 Td
(integration)Tj
4.7452 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.5943 0 Td
(bone)Tj
2.2393 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7575 0 Td
(screws)Tj
2.897 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0352 0 Td
(different)Tj
3.736 0 Td
(sur-)Tj
-34.8772 -1.2983 Td
(face)Tj
1.8255 0 Td
(treatments.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 107.1496 23.6976 re
W* n
q
107.0929 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I0 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 365.4425 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Novel)Tj
2.7283 0 Td
(SLA)Tj
2.0906 0 Td
(implants)Tj
3.8764 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.8567 0 Td
(osseous)Tj
3.8764 0 Td
(integration)Tj
4.7977 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.9779 0 Td
(porcine)Tj
3.4371 0 Td
(model)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
36 48.0002 m
576 48.0002 l
576 47.5002 l
36 47.5002 l
f*
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
81.5811 34.9228 m
237.8835 34.9228 l
h
f*
0 g
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 36 36 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(PLOS)Tj
2.8559 0 Td
(ONE)Tj
2.3669 0 Td
(|)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
0.4748 0 Td
(https://doi.or)Tj
5.4142 0 Td
(g/10.137)Tj
3.8198 0 Td
(1/journal.po)Tj
5.1236 0 Td
(ne.01883)Tj
4.089 0 Td
(64)Tj
0 g
2.0906 0 Td
(November)Tj
4.7622 0 Td
(17,)Tj
1.5875 0 Td
(2017)Tj
32.5561 0 Td
(2)Tj
0.7654 0 Td
(/)Tj
0.496 0 Td
(21)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
-0.025 Tc
-66.402 84.0904 Td
(analysis,)Tj
3.4086 0 Td
(decision)Tj
3.2953 0 Td
(to)Tj
0.9497 0 Td
(publish,)Tj
3.1393 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0064 0 Td
(prepara)Tj
2.8205 0 Td
(tion)Tj
1.6157 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9496 0 Td
(the)Tj
-17.1851 -1.3748 Td
(manuscript.)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0 -2.126 Td
(Competing)Tj
4.3795 0 Td
(interests)Tj
3.3307 0 Td
(:)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
0.4819 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.5875 0 Td
(authors)Tj
3.0401 0 Td
(have)Tj
1.963 0 Td
(declared)Tj
-14.7827 -1.3749 Td
(that)Tj
1.6228 0 Td
(no)Tj
1.1693 0 Td
(competing)Tj
4.1599 0 Td
(interests)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
37 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
38 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
39 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
40 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
41 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
42 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
43 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
44 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
45 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
46 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
47 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
48 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
49 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
50 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
51 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
52 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
53 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
54 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
55 0 obj
<>stream
BT
10.3394 79.2147 Td
(exist.)Tj
ET
Q
endstream
endobj
56 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 11 0 R/Annots 58 0 R/Contents 59 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
58 0 obj
[60 0 R 61 0 R]
endobj
60 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188364.ref019)>>
endobj
61 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/A 62 0 R>>
endobj
62 0 obj
<>
endobj
59 0 obj
[63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R]
endobj
63 0 obj
<>stream
q
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
531.0425 643.9748 m
540.5669 643.9748 l
h
f*
0 g
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 706.0535 cm
BT
/F2 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Materials)Tj
4.5071 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.989 0 Td
(methods)Tj
/F0 1 Tf
-6.4961 -1.4976 Td
(Cortex)Tj
3.1323 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.8661 0 Td
(pedicle)Tj
3.3402 0 Td
(screws)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 671.074 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Commercially)Tj
5.896 0 Td
(available)Tj
3.668 0 Td
(screw-type)Tj
4.5241 0 Td
(implants,)Tj
3.9401 0 Td
(manufactured)Tj
5.845 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(Ti)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 476.107 669.4299 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(6)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 479.6787 671.074 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Al)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 488.9763 669.4299 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(4)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 492.548 671.074 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(V)Tj
0.9127 0 Td
(specimen,)Tj
4.2293 0 Td
(were)Tj
-34.3953 -1.2982 Td
(used)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(study.)Tj
2.6136 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(chemical)Tj
3.7814 0 Td
(composition)Tj
5.244 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(Ti)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 400.8755 656.3905 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(6)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 404.4472 658.0913 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Al)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 413.7448 656.3905 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(4)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 417.3165 658.0913 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(V)Tj
0.9127 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(C)Tj
0.8844 0 Td
(\(0.08)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(wt.%\),)Tj
2.7496 0 Td
(Fe)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(\(0.25)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(wt.%\),)Tj
-33.5732 -1.3039 Td
(O)Tj
0.9638 0 Td
(\(0.13)Tj
2.2166 0 Td
(wt.%\),)Tj
2.7496 0 Td
(Al)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(\(6.75)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(wt.%\),)Tj
2.7496 0 Td
(V)Tj
0.9127 0 Td
(\(4.5)Tj
1.7405 0 Td
(wt.%\),)Tj
2.7496 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(Ti)Tj
1.0999 0 Td
(\(trace\),)Tj
3.0726 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(described)Tj
4.0535 0 Td
(previously)Tj
4.354 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(19)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0749 0 Td
(The)Tj
-34.8431 -1.2982 Td
(cortex)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(screws)Tj
2.8403 0 Td
(had)Tj
1.7121 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(external)Tj
3.4299 0 Td
(diameter)Tj
3.7871 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(3.5)Tj
1.3946 0 Td
(mm)Tj
1.8595 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(length)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(16.0)Tj
1.8708 0 Td
(mm.)Tj
2.0863 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(pedicle)Tj
-31.8158 -1.2983 Td
(screws)Tj
2.8403 0 Td
(had)Tj
1.7121 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(external)Tj
3.4299 0 Td
(diameter)Tj
3.7871 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(4.5)Tj
1.3947 0 Td
(mm)Tj
1.8595 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(length)Tj
2.7325 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(30.0)Tj
1.8708 0 Td
(mm.)Tj
2.0863 0 Td
(Briefly,)Tj
3.0727 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(prepare)Tj
3.2768 0 Td
(SLAffi-)Tj
-34.7014 -1.2983 Td
(nity)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(Ti)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 226.6582 604.4031 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(6)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 230.2299 606.1039 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Al)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 239.5275 604.4031 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(4)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 243.0992 606.1039 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(V)Tj
0.9127 0 Td
(specimens,)Tj
4.5921 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(Ti)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 313.4551 604.4031 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(6)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 317.0267 606.1039 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Al)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 326.3244 604.4031 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(4)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 329.896 606.1039 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(V)Tj
0.9127 0 Td
(substrate)Tj
3.8041 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(specimens)Tj
4.3653 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(mechanically)Tj
-30.8236 -1.3039 Td
(polished)Tj
3.5943 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(1500)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(grit)Tj
1.6214 0 Td
(paper)Tj
2.4832 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7347 0 Td
(then)Tj
2.0182 0 Td
(further)Tj
3.0274 0 Td
(polished)Tj
3.5943 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(diamond)Tj
3.8495 0 Td
(abrasives)Tj
3.8324 0 Td
(\(1)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
1.0374 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(m\).)Tj
-33.6979 -1.2982 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(specimens)Tj
4.3654 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1259 0 Td
(finished)Tj
3.4299 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(colloidal)Tj
3.6227 0 Td
(silica)Tj
2.2223 0 Td
(abrasives)Tj
3.8324 0 Td
(\(0.04)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
2.211 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
(m\).)Tj
2.1147 0 Td
(All)Tj
1.3946 0 Td
(specimens)Tj
4.3653 0 Td
(were)Tj
-33.4598 -1.2983 Td
(degreased)Tj
4.1782 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(washing)Tj
3.5093 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(acetone)Tj
3.2824 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(prepickled)Tj
4.4334 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(acid,)Tj
2.0976 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(then)Tj
2.0183 0 Td
(processed)Tj
4.1328 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3925 0 Td
(2%)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(ammo-)Tj
-34.2025 -1.3039 Td
(nium)Tj
2.3811 0 Td
(fluoride,)Tj
3.6056 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(solution)Tj
3.4809 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(2%)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(HF,)Tj
1.7404 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(10%)Tj
1.9275 0 Td
(nitric)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(acid)Tj
1.8709 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(room)Tj
2.4265 0 Td
(temperature)Tj
5.125 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3889 0 Td
(60)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
(s.)Tj
0.8107 0 Td
(Then,)Tj
-34.1288 -1.2983 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(specimens)Tj
4.3653 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1204 0 Td
(grit-blasted)Tj
4.7735 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9954 0 Td
(Al)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 356.5417 539.433 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(2)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 360.1133 541.0771 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(O)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 367.5968 539.433 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(3)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 373.3228 541.0771 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(particles.)Tj
3.787 0 Td
(Finally,)Tj
3.1691 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(specimens)Tj
4.3654 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(etched)Tj
2.8459 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(an)Tj
-36.1244 -1.2982 Td
(aqueous)Tj
3.5036 0 Td
(mixture)Tj
3.3959 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(HF)Tj
1.5137 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(HNO)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 334.0913 526.3937 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(3)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 339.874 528.0944 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(room)Tj
2.4264 0 Td
(temperature)Tj
5.125 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(many)Tj
2.4775 0 Td
(seconds)Tj
3.3732 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(then)Tj
2.0183 0 Td
(washed)Tj
-33.4769 -1.3039 Td
(using)Tj
2.3868 0 Td
(distilled)Tj
3.3845 0 Td
(water)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(ultrasonic)Tj
4.2065 0 Td
(cleaner.)Tj
3.3165 0 Td
(Then,)Tj
2.5511 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(titanium)Tj
3.6794 0 Td
(cortex)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(pedicle)Tj
3.0501 0 Td
(screws)Tj
-33.1594 -1.2982 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(subjected)Tj
3.9685 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(cathodic)Tj
3.6283 0 Td
(polarization)Tj
5.0342 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9468 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(constant)Tj
3.6397 0 Td
(current)Tj
3.1804 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(10)Tj
1.1736 0 Td
(M)Tj
1.1111 0 Td
(H)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 482.9102 500.4283 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(2)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 486.4818 502.0724 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(SO)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 498.7275 500.4283 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(4)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 504.4535 502.0724 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(solution)Tj
3.4865 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9525 0 Td
(room)Tj
-34.8829 -1.2982 Td
(temperature.)Tj
5.3518 0 Td
(To)Tj
1.338 0 Td
(form)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(TiO)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 319.9181 487.3889 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(2)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 325.7007 489.0897 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(layer)Tj
2.1486 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(Ti)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 383.4141 487.3889 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(6)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 386.9858 489.0897 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Al)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 396.2834 487.3889 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(4)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 399.8551 489.0897 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(V)Tj
0.9127 0 Td
(surface,)Tj
3.2712 0 Td
(titanium)Tj
3.685 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(treated)Tj
2.999 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(anodi-)Tj
-34.9395 -1.2982 Td
(zation)Tj
2.6873 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(constant)Tj
3.6396 0 Td
(current)Tj
3.1861 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(15)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
(ASD)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(10)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(min)Tj
1.8539 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(5)Tj
0.6916 0 Td
(M)Tj
1.1168 0 Td
(NaOH)Tj
2.9027 0 Td
(solution.)Tj
3.7077 0 Td
(For)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(easy)Tj
1.8935 0 Td
(identifica-)Tj
-32.8079 -1.3039 Td
(tion,)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(Ti)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 229.4362 461.4236 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(6)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 233.0078 463.0677 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Al)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 242.3055 461.4236 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(4)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 245.8771 463.0677 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(V)Tj
0.9127 0 Td
(screws)Tj
2.846 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(sand)Tj
2.092 0 Td
(blasting)Tj
3.3449 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(pretreatment)Tj
5.4481 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(SLAffinity)Tj
4.3256 0 Td
(treament)Tj
3.8381 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(denoted)Tj
-33.5903 -1.2982 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(sand-blasted)Tj
5.2383 0 Td
(screws)Tj
2.846 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(SLAffinity)Tj
4.3313 0 Td
(screws,)Tj
3.0671 0 Td
(respectively.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 420.0377 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Porcine)Tj
3.5669 0 Td
(cortical)Tj
3.3496 0 Td
(bone)Tj
2.4095 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.8662 0 Td
(spine)Tj
2.5748 0 Td
(model)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 403.0299 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(All)Tj
1.3946 0 Td
(experimental)Tj
5.4595 0 Td
(animal)Tj
2.9707 0 Td
(procedures)Tj
4.6714 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(approved)Tj
3.9685 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(Animal)Tj
3.2201 0 Td
(Care)Tj
2.109 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(Use)Tj
1.7405 0 Td
(Committee)Tj
4.7394 0 Td
(of)Tj
-36.7877 -1.2982 Td
(Chi)Tj
1.678 0 Td
(Mei)Tj
1.8029 0 Td
(Medical)Tj
3.4355 0 Td
(Center)Tj
2.9481 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(performed)Tj
4.4674 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(accordance)Tj
4.7339 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(strictly)Tj
2.9423 0 Td
(aseptic)Tj
2.9424 0 Td
(techniques.)Tj
4.7508 0 Td
(Twelve)Tj
-34.469 -1.2983 Td
(healthy)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(male)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(adult)Tj
2.2563 0 Td
(Lanyu)Tj
2.7213 0 Td
(minipigs)Tj
3.736 0 Td
(\(Taitung,)Tj
3.9345 0 Td
(Taiwan\))Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(weighing)Tj
3.8664 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(20)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(30)Tj
1.1736 0 Td
(kg)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(were)Tj
-34.1119 -1.3039 Td
(used)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(study.)Tj
2.6135 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(animals)Tj
3.3279 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(premedicated)Tj
5.6749 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2018 0 Td
(intramuscular)Tj
5.8507 0 Td
(injection)Tj
3.7644 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(Zoletil)Tj
-34.1232 -1.2983 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(Atropine)Tj
3.8381 0 Td
(\(2.5)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(0.03)Tj
1.8765 0 Td
(mg/kg,)Tj
3.0217 0 Td
(respectively\),)Tj
5.4482 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(subcutaneous)Tj
5.6636 0 Td
(injection)Tj
3.7587 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(ketorolac)Tj
-32.2013 -1.2982 Td
(\(1)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(mg/kg\).)Tj
3.3618 0 Td
(Anesthesia)Tj
4.5524 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(induced)Tj
3.4696 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(intramuscular)Tj
5.8507 0 Td
(injection)Tj
3.7587 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(ketamine)Tj
3.9344 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(diazepam)Tj
-33.596 -1.3039 Td
(\(10)Tj
1.508 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(0.2)Tj
1.3946 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(0.5)Tj
1.3947 0 Td
(mg/kg,)Tj
3.0217 0 Td
(respectively\).)Tj
5.4481 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7859 0 Td
(animals)Tj
3.3278 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(connected)Tj
4.3426 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(general)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(anesthesia)Tj
-31.9235 -1.2983 Td
(machine)Tj
3.6623 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(provided)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(isoflurane)Tj
4.1953 0 Td
(\(2%)Tj
1.7915 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(5%\))Tj
1.7915 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(oxygen)Tj
3.0841 0 Td
(\(up)Tj
1.6044 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(100%\).)Tj
2.9707 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(operations)Tj
4.456 0 Td
(were)Tj
-34.7128 -1.2983 Td
(done)Tj
2.228 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(pigs)Tj
1.8312 0 Td
(under)Tj
2.6191 0 Td
(general)Tj
3.1295 0 Td
(anesthesia)Tj
4.3029 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(positioned)Tj
4.4447 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2755 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.109 0 Td
(abdomen.)Tj
4.2123 0 Td
(After)Tj
2.2847 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(surgi-)Tj
-35.0983 -1.3039 Td
(cal)Tj
1.3209 0 Td
(procedure,)Tj
4.5411 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(animals)Tj
3.3279 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1259 0 Td
(monitored)Tj
4.4901 0 Td
(daily)Tj
2.1486 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(signs)Tj
2.2223 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(inflammation,)Tj
5.9187 0 Td
(lameness,)Tj
4.0649 0 Td
(and)Tj
-34.0325 -1.2983 Td
(general)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(well-being)Tj
4.3823 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(experienced)Tj
5.0343 0 Td
(animal)Tj
2.9707 0 Td
(care)Tj
1.8708 0 Td
(technician)Tj
4.3824 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(veterinarian.)Tj
5.2838 0 Td
(Post-operative)Tj
-31.8215 -1.2982 Td
(analgesia)Tj
3.8324 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(achieved)Tj
3.7021 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(75-mg)Tj
2.8063 0 Td
(fentanyl)Tj
3.4639 0 Td
(dermal)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(patch)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(applied)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(back)Tj
2.0807 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(legs,)Tj
-33.0744 -1.2983 Td
(respectively,)Tj
5.1079 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(subcutaneous)Tj
5.6692 0 Td
(administration)Tj
6.1682 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(1)Tj
0.6973 0 Td
(mg/kg)Tj
2.7949 0 Td
(ketorolac)Tj
3.9288 0 Td
(every)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(812)Tj
2.1657 0 Td
(h)Tj
0.7483 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(three)Tj
-33.7547 -1.3039 Td
(days.)Tj
2.2223 0 Td
(An)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(amount)Tj
3.3562 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(10)Tj
1.1736 0 Td
(mg/kg/day)Tj
4.541 0 Td
(antibiotic)Tj
4.0365 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(administered)Tj
5.4879 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0523 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(10)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(days)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(post-)Tj
-33.5846 -1.2983 Td
(operation.)Tj
4.3199 0 Td
(Animals)Tj
3.5773 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(allowed)Tj
3.2882 0 Td
(free)Tj
1.7234 0 Td
(movement)Tj
4.5184 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(unrestricted)Tj
5.0626 0 Td
(weight-bearing)Tj
6.2532 0 Td
(activity)Tj
3.1181 0 Td
(and)Tj
-35.9827 -1.2982 Td
(housed)Tj
3.0954 0 Td
(singly)Tj
2.5625 0 Td
(under)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
(standard)Tj
3.719 0 Td
(laboratory)Tj
4.354 0 Td
(conditions)Tj
4.473 0 Td
(\(temperature)Tj
5.4709 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(24C,)Tj
2.4491 0 Td
(12-hour)Tj
3.4582 0 Td
(light-dark)Tj
-33.2161 -1.3039 Td
(cycle\))Tj
2.5284 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(food)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(water)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(ad)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(libitum.)Tj
3.3789 0 Td
(During)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(period)Tj
2.8346 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(experiment,)Tj
5.0059 0 Td
(if)Tj
0.771 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(animals)Tj
-32.4734 -1.2983 Td
(exhibited)Tj
3.9231 0 Td
(symptoms)Tj
4.3596 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(hind)Tj
2.092 0 Td
(limb)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(lameness,)Tj
4.0592 0 Td
(generalized)Tj
4.7679 0 Td
(muscular)Tj
3.9288 0 Td
(tremor,)Tj
3.2371 0 Td
(ataxia,)Tj
2.7779 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0999 0 Td
(inco-)Tj
-35.3818 -1.2983 Td
(ordination,)Tj
4.7224 0 Td
(they)Tj
1.9219 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(euthanized)Tj
4.6091 0 Td
(humanely.)Tj
4.4277 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(remaining)Tj
4.3654 0 Td
(animals)Tj
3.3335 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(euthanaized)Tj
5.0456 0 Td
(via)Tj
-34.452 -1.3039 Td
(intravenous)Tj
4.9605 0 Td
(injection)Tj
3.7588 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(sodium)Tj
3.2314 0 Td
(pentobarbital)Tj
5.5786 0 Td
(overdose)Tj
3.7984 0 Td
(after)Tj
2.0352 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.6952 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(three)Tj
2.262 0 Td
(months.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 125.9716 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Implantation)Tj
5.6031 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0441 0 Td
(cortex)Tj
2.915 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.8662 0 Td
(pedicle)Tj
3.3402 0 Td
(screws)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 109.0204 cm
BT
/F8 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Two)Tj
2.0182 0 Td
(types)Tj
2.279 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(screw,)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(pedicle)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(cortical)Tj
3.1862 0 Td
(screws,)Tj
3.0727 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(applied)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(study.)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
(Each)Tj
2.1713 0 Td
(type)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(screw)Tj
-34.7638 -1.3039 Td
(had)Tj
1.7064 0 Td
(3)Tj
0.6973 0 Td
(groups)Tj
2.9707 0 Td
(according)Tj
4.1839 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(applied)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(surface)Tj
3.05 0 Td
(treatment)Tj
4.1329 0 Td
(method.)Tj
3.549 0 Td
(Group)Tj
2.8573 0 Td
(A)Tj
0.907 0 Td
(included)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
(cortex)Tj
-33.4202 -1.2982 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(pedicle)Tj
3.05 0 Td
(screws)Tj
2.8403 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(SLA)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(modification)Tj
5.3744 0 Td
(\(SLAffinity\);)Tj
5.2384 0 Td
(group)Tj
2.6079 0 Td
(B)Tj
0.7994 0 Td
(included)Tj
3.7133 0 Td
(commercial)Tj
4.9549 0 Td
(smooth)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 107.1496 23.6976 re
W* n
q
107.0929 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I0 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 365.4425 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Novel)Tj
2.7283 0 Td
(SLA)Tj
2.0906 0 Td
(implants)Tj
3.8764 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.8567 0 Td
(osseous)Tj
3.8764 0 Td
(integration)Tj
4.7977 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.9779 0 Td
(porcine)Tj
3.4371 0 Td
(model)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
36 48.0002 m
576 48.0002 l
576 47.5002 l
36 47.5002 l
f*
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
81.5811 34.9228 m
237.8835 34.9228 l
h
f*
0 g
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 36 36 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(PLOS)Tj
2.8559 0 Td
(ONE)Tj
2.3669 0 Td
(|)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
0.4748 0 Td
(https://doi.or)Tj
5.4142 0 Td
(g/10.137)Tj
3.8198 0 Td
(1/journal.po)Tj
5.1236 0 Td
(ne.01883)Tj
4.089 0 Td
(64)Tj
0 g
2.0906 0 Td
(November)Tj
4.7622 0 Td
(17,)Tj
1.5875 0 Td
(2017)Tj
32.5561 0 Td
(3)Tj
0.7654 0 Td
(/)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
64 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
65 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
66 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
67 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
68 0 obj
<>stream
BT
66.402 0 Td
(21)Tj
ET
Q
endstream
endobj
69 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 11 0 R/Annots 71 0 R/Contents 72 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
70 0 obj
<>
endobj
73 0 obj
<>
endobj
74 0 obj
<>stream
%!PS-AdobeFont-1.0
11 dict begin
/FontName /PI_chars_3 def
/FontType 1 def
/FontBBox {-11 -345 1373 718} readonly def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 8 dict dup begin
/FullName (PI_chars_3) readonly def
/BaseFontName (PI_chars_3) def
end def
/Encoding 256 array
0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for
dup 33 /exclam put
dup 34 /quotedbl put
dup 35 /numbersign put
dup 36 /dollar put
dup 37 /percent put
dup 38 /ampersand put
dup 39 /quoteright put
dup 40 /parenleft put
dup 41 /parenright put
dup 42 /asterisk put
dup 43 /plus put
dup 44 /comma put
dup 45 /hyphen put
dup 46 /period put
dup 47 /slash put
dup 49 /one put
dup 50 /two put
dup 51 /three put
dup 52 /four put
dup 53 /five put
dup 54 /six put
dup 55 /seven put
dup 56 /eight put
dup 58 /colon put
dup 60 /less put
dup 61 /equal put
dup 62 /greater put
dup 63 /question put
dup 64 /at put
dup 65 /A put
dup 66 /B put
dup 67 /C put
dup 68 /D put
dup 69 /E put
dup 70 /F put
dup 71 /G put
dup 72 /H put
dup 73 /I put
dup 74 /J put
dup 75 /K put
dup 76 /L put
dup 77 /M put
dup 78 /N put
dup 79 /O put
dup 80 /P put
dup 81 /Q put
dup 82 /R put
dup 83 /S put
dup 84 /T put
dup 85 /U put
dup 86 /V put
dup 87 /W put
dup 88 /X put
dup 89 /Y put
dup 90 /Z put
dup 91 /bracketleft put
dup 92 /backslash put
dup 93 /bracketright put
dup 94 /asciicircum put
dup 97 /a put
dup 98 /b put
dup 99 /c put
dup 100 /d put
dup 101 /e put
dup 102 /f put
dup 103 /g put
dup 104 /h put
dup 105 /i put
dup 106 /j put
dup 107 /k put
dup 108 /l put
dup 109 /m put
dup 110 /n put
dup 111 /o put
dup 112 /p put
dup 113 /q put
dup 114 /r put
dup 115 /s put
dup 116 /t put
dup 117 /u put
dup 118 /v put
dup 119 /w put
dup 120 /x put
dup 121 /y put
dup 122 /z put
dup 123 /braceleft put
dup 124 /bar put
dup 125 /braceright put
dup 126 /asciitilde put
readonly def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
M#1H5 J6o\&rtS(#v\0\V7Fe༙OYx5-cY9^%Y6
(efIOldN"wȰ;)UƽoFg/rvV$JS8_oc@
o9-eGJp}[Do]mN=4*{ܯq=eU^t6¤/{zM4aܪ
Q:д'B-r^ܦ6y?rRnu S\U{Oλrs(Βƚ
#d29%s'ƈT1F8&\0Xd&&Zug'VPd]:>u=Q,?#(CV4'..|ӱ5 h
sȀg)fɘ`UXK^>] q\l#5pE"JO}rquáQBr/E7
QW5\GSlu{7ZH(PSf/O;̟w{ɴ}-K hA8!b!U>`#u?Vlnǝ19V+mg'QmA}S Y$í8n uJ ڒx3>[x0Z]
ͩw4M&1+pkC,sr"%q&OjbH{:5$65*S`cr;%s4Oӆe>T+6~pBOD!$c]"~r#nh6$38i˞[~Z}}rHmte9(1½=j{<\ ;? RA?c{Rf1'VԞ_-Lwo]`.l|zjf"![G1BYro˓9[-+z g!}RN+pX!M~HcFh@g%J6B)6!Lq>TX\ݪGF
PiQݓX~Fs;Ölo4/(C?+,ɖxۼ:xU^)
fd,`*>-:}=q$:\Xzcw1Nf(
ZkEeJXfэi@zXc\{a5qKg\5ݩv\Qe%1>OY̗$Y#P[)."^+{"bP]Bt&zeN6
іijDE% 0;̅
~~lfB>u'i4znym%tfԟ^נBTDS6-ghiWk/(r!!˶fc>趕%U